Randai is a folk theater tradition of the Minangkabau ethnic group which incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the martial art of silat. Randai is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals, and complex stories may span a number of nights. It is performed as a theatre in the round to achieve an equality and unity between audience members and the performers. Randai performances are a synthesis of alternating martial arts dances, songs, and acted scenes. Stories are delivered by both the acting and the singing and are mostly based upon Minangkabau legends and folktales. Randai originated early in the 20th century out of fusion of local martial arts, story telling and other performance traditions. Men originally played both the male and female characters in the story, but now women have also participated.

Review article semantics my friend Ayu anggita

branches of smantics

Sense and Reference It has been explained earlier that signs refer to concepts as well as to other signs. A sign is a symbol that indicates a concept. This concept is the reference, which refers in turn to some object in the real world, called the referent. The relationship between linguistic items (e.g. words, sentences) and the non-linguistic world of experience is a relationship of reference. It can be understood by the following diagram given by Ogden and Richards: The objects in the real world are referents, the concept which we have of them in our minds is the reference and the symbol we use to refer to them is the word, or linguistic item. As we have seen, we can explain the meaning of a linguistic item by using other words. The relation of a word with another word is a sense-relation. Therefore, sense is the complex system of relationships that holds between the linguistic items themselves. Sense is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations, i.e. relations within the system of the language itself, such as similarity between words, opposition, inclusion, and presupposition. Sense relations include homonymy, polysemy, synonymy and antonymy. Homonyms are different items (lexical items or structure words) with the same phonetic form. They

differ only in meaning, e.g. the item ‘ear’ meaning ‘organ of hearing’ is a homonym of the item ‘ear’ meaning ‘a stem of wheat’. Homonymy may be classified as: (a) Homography: a phenomenon of two or more words having the same spellings but different pronunciation or meaning, e.g. lead /led/ = metal; lead/li:d/ = verb. (b) Homophony: a phenomenon of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings or spellings, e.g. sea/see, knew/new, some/ sum, sun/son. It is difficult to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy as in polysemy, the ‘same’ lexical item has different meanings, e.g. ‘bank*’, ‘face*’: Two lexical items can be considered as synonyms if they have the same denotative, connotative and social meaning and can replace each other in all contexts of occurrence. Only then can they be absolutely synonymous. For example, ‘radio’ and ‘wireless’ co-existed for a while as synonyms, being used as alternatives by speakers of British English. But now, ‘wireless’ is not used frequently. What we consider as synonyms in a language are usually nearequivalent items, or descriptive items. For example, ‘lavatory’, ‘toilet’, ‘WC’, ‘washroom’ are descriptive or near-equivalent synonyms in English. Antonyms are lexical items which are different both in form as well as meaning. An antonym of a lexical item conveys the opposite sense, e.g. single-married, good-bad. But this gives rise to questions of what is an opposite or contrasted meaning. For example, the opposite of ‘woman’ could be ‘man’ or girl’ since the denotation of both is different from that of ‘woman’. Thus we need to modify our definition of antonymy. We can say that some items are less compatible than other items. There can be nearness of contrast or remoteness of contrast. Thus ‘man’ or ‘girl’ is contrasted to ‘woman’ but less contrasted than ‘woman’ and ‘tree’. In this sense, ‘woman’ and ‘man’ are related, just as ‘girl’ and ‘boy’ are related, in spite of being contrasted. Other meaning-relations of a similar nature are: mare/stallion, cow/bull, ram/ewe etc., all based on gender distinctions. Another set of meaning relations can be of age and family relationship: father/son, uncle/nephew, aunt/ niece. In this, too, there are differences in the structures of different languages. In Urdu, for instance, gender distinction or contrast may be marked by a change in the ending of the noun (e.g. /gho:  a:/gho: i:/ for ‘horse’ and ‘mare’ respectively) or, in some cases, by a different word (e.g. /ga:e/bael/ for ‘cow’ and ‘bull’ respectively). In English, there are usually different words to mark contrast in gender except in a few cases (e.g. elephant, giraffe). The evolution of a complex system of sense relations is dependent on the way in which the objects of the world and the environment are perceived and conceptualized by the people who make that language. For example, Eskimos have many words related in meaning to ‘snow’ because snow in different forms is a part o their environment. In English, there are only two ‘snow’ and ‘ice’, while in Urdu there is only one: ‘baraf’. This reflects the importance that a particular object or phenomena may have for a certain community. Another kind of sense-relationship is hyponymy. Hyponymy is the relation that holds between a more general and more specific lexical item. For example, ‘flower’ is a more general item, and ‘rose’, ‘lily’, etc. are more specific. The more specific item is considered a hyponym of the more general item—’rose’ is a hyponym of ‘flower’. The specific item includes the meaning of the general. When we say ‘rose’, the meaning of ‘flower’ is included in its meaning. ‘Rose’ is also hyponymous to ‘plant’ and ‘living thing’ as these are the most general categories.

Article Review

SEMANTIC

This article is review from Mr. Ahmad Zam Zam , M.Hum.

11.     Definition

Semantic is the study of meaning in language. Semantic is a branch of linguistics therefore still associated with the semantic syntax, fonology even morphology. It has been mentioned in theory L.Chafe Wallace theorized in 1970 that the semantic generative grammar. The semantics are generally regarded as the study of meaning in language. But the field of logic, it discusses the general semantic reference and truth conditions of linguistics in the language. Therefore, the discussion of semantics neighbor should discuss the meaning of containing references in the context of language

KESUKSESAN YANG TERTUNDA

Gelap langit terlihat pagi itu, berjalan pelan namun pasti menuju ruangan soekarno. Hembusan angin membawa pergi aroma parfumku melayang keudara. Berlahan pasti kaki ku terus membawa kemana alur fikiran ku menuju ruangan yang akan kami gunakan pagi ini. Belum banyak langkah yang ku ambil, seketika langkah ku terhenti didepan pintu ruangan hasyim ashari. Terlihat duduk sendiri disudut ruangan, kak rahayu sentak fikiran ku. Kenapa..? sedang apa..? bnyak lagi pertanyaan yang ada didalam fikiran ku saat itu. Desak tangis pun terdengar dengan jelas dari dalam ruangan dimana kak rahayu berada dan duduk aat itu. Seketika keinginan ku untuk cepat sampai diruangan soekarno untuk belajar dan berkumpul dengan teman teman terhenti sejenak. Sekarang arah tujuan ku teralihkan oleh adanya kak rahayu biasa kami memanggil beliau. Aku pun yang masih bingung dengan yang terjadi dengan kak rahayu langsung masuk kedalam ruangan untuk memastikan keadaan beliau.

          “ kenapa kak..?”  dengan nada terisak isak kak rahayu menjawab “ seandainya dulu kakak tidak berhenti kuliah, tetapi kakak tidak ada kekuatan untuk melanjutkan nya” dengan nada pelan tutur kak rahayu. Masih belum jelas fikiranku memahami jawaban kak rahayu. Belum sempat ku bertanya kembali kak rahayu kembali berbicara. “ kakak lagi pengen sendiri”  ujar beliau. Tanpa banyak berbicara lagi aku beranjak meninggalkan kak rahayu sendiri.  Tidak jauh dari ruangan dimana aku meninggalkan kak rahayu, tepat nya diruangan agus salim.  Disebelah ruangan hasyim ashari terlihat para mahasisiwa semester 7 sedang mempersiapkan untuk menghadapi ujian proposal pagi itu.  Saat itu juga aku baru menyadari apa maksud dari perkataan kak rahayu.

Dia juga ingin seperti teman – teman nya yang sekarang sedang mempersiapkan ujian proposal.  Tetapi tidak bisa disangkal kendala ekonomi keluarga lah yang mengharuskan nya untuk berhenti belajar pada saat itu.

Dengan senyum dan bangga aku kepada kak rahayu, dengan niat dan kerja keras nya dia bangkit kembali  mulai mewujudkan cita-citanya demi kesuksesan dimasa depan. tanpa sadar perjalan ku sampai ruangan yang kutuju dan berkumpul dengan teman- teman untuk belajar.

Thank you

ABOUT GIRL


CHAPTER  1

              Name Rahayu okabriyanti achmad, he was the second son of the couple Achmad Muchyar and painam. My father was a farmer. My mother is a housewife who is very good.Aku lahir pada tanggal 05-10-1992 pada pukul 21:30 dirumah dengan bantuan bidan desa. Dengan berat 3,1kg dan panjang 57 cm. Karena aku dilahirkan bulan oktober maka dari itu saya diberi nama okabriyanti. Karena aku anak kedua oleh sebab itu ibu sudah tidak terlalu kagok merawat saya. But the mother said when I was little I always wake up middle of the night and cry. Habits up at night and cry continues from day to day until I was about 7-8 months.
                 At my age who step 7, I have a brother named Rafqi abdillah who was born on 16 June 1999 at the clinic close to home. Mother told me that tells the seconds before the birth of my sister, I'm busy and out of the delivery room who knows what I think of when it might be I'm happy because it will get a new brother or sister.
                Masa kecil ku aku lalui dengan sangat bahagia pada usiaku yang ke 7 tahun aku mulai bersekolah di SDN 038 pekanbaru .hari pertama masuk kesekolah aku  mendapat banyak teman baru . disaat itu aku memilih teman dekat bahkan sahabat yaitu Anissa, reni , lia. But when the class 2 friend named Anissa had to move into the field, then we are very sad when Anissa moved kepadang. When I was in elementary school, I often participate in the competition singing, painting, sports and much more. At that time I was a participant Do not become a winner of her, but my mother selallu gave me the spirit to keep abreast of the competition held in school ..
                Saat aku masuk kelas 4 aku mendapatkan teman baru, sebenarnya bukan teman yang baru kenal tetapi teman lama yang sudah lama tidak bertemu dan baru bertemu lagi saat kelas 4 ini. Namanya Manda, dia adalah  anak ndari teman ibu ku dan sekaligus temanku semasa kecil dulu. Early reunited with her I did not really recognize it when I see the name of her book that there were at that time I happened to be sitting next to her. The days that we always spent together until we arrived msuk 6th grade last semester. I was busy preparing for the final exam or the UN. During that time I felt afraid, but once again the mother has always supported me and gave me the spirit to get through it all. Until the arrival time of the exam, the exam the first time that day I forgot to bring a pencil that moment I panicked even wanted to cry, but fortunately no friend Manda bring more pencils. When that fear faded away. Until the end of the air test and examination results announcement time school graduation, I felt very scared and felt uncomfortable, but the sense of optimism passed itun remain in my heart. time division envelope I panicked because all my friends had got her and I do not get it, I almost cried out of fear did not pass because the exam results ku nothing, turned out to envelope me hidden by one of the teachers who are in schools known to be very mischievous and playful. The result I graduated with a satisfactory value.alhamdulillah yaah.
   Setelah lulus SD aku dan mayoritas temanku kecuali Reni yang harus melanjutkan sekolah nya dibengkulu karena orang tua nya dipindah tugaskan ke bengkulu, melanjutkan  sekolah  ke SMP Negri 015 Pekanbaru., dengan melalui tes tertulis yang diadakan oleh pihak sekolah. Disekolah itu diadakan sistem “random class” jadi saat naik kelas pasti ada murid baru yang belum kita kenal karena setiap naik kelas setiap orang kelas nya berbeda. Saat kelas 7 aku mndapatkan kelas 7.1 saat kelas delapan aku mendapatkan kelas 8.2 dan aku kembali sekelas dengan beberapa teman ku waktu SD salah satu nya Lia. Dan pada saat kelas  9 aku mendapatkan kelas 9.1. dan karene sisitem random class itu aku jadi memiliki banyak teman, bukan hanya b ergaul dengan beberapa orang saja tapi banyak orang.
                When junior high school I attended many competitions especially in the field of sports because berdominan expertise in the field of sports other than her. Even when elections extracurricular else I choose exercise classes from I to class 7 8 9 until graduating from junior high school. At that time I attended many ivent - ivent are often held by schools and government. I wrestled sports including running, long jump, high jump. And many more.
Setelah menjalani Uian Nasional (UN) dan dinyatakan lulus, aku memutuskan untuk melanjutkan sekolahku di SMKTELKOM pekanbaru. Masih melalui jalur tertulis dan saat mualai masuk SMK  aku pindah rumah tetapi tidak terlalu jauh dari rumah ku, karena kami menempati rumah baru yang dibangun  oleh ayah ku.

SMK TELKOM , sekolah yang memberikan banyak kesan selama menjadi salah satu keluarga dari sekolah itu. Kekeluargaan nya yang sangat terasa bukan hanya sesama murid tetapi juga antar murid dan guru pun tercipta rasa kekeluargaan. Sekolah pun sudah kami anggap seperti rumah kami sendiri karena kami yang lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu disekolah ketimbang dirumah karena kami pulang sekolah pada pukul 16:00 bahkan kami sampai pulang  jam 6 karena harus mengerjakan  tugas. Kami yang selalu diberikan tugas banyak oleh guru – guru awalnya sempat mengeluh, tetapi aku baru tahu mereka banyak memberikan tugas karena ingin membiasakan kami karena saat diperguruan tinggi tugas yang akan dibnerikan dosen pun akan sangat banyak.

Pada saat  SMK, murid – murid kelas X dan XI diwajibkan untuk mengikuti salah satu organisasi yang ada disekolah mengikuti ekstrakulikuler  yang diadakan setiap hari sabtu. Untuk ekstrakulikuler seni dan olahraga aku nmemilih bidang olahraga khususnya di bidang atletik. Aku memilih olahraga karena ingin mengembangkan bakat ku dan potensi yang aku miliki.

Sekolah ini juga memiliki sistem random class  saat kelas X aku mendapatkan kelas X.b dikelas ini tercipta kekompakan dan kekeluargaan yang sangat erat walaupun kami berasal dari sekolah yang berbeda beda tetapi kami sangat dekat sekali. Dikelas inilah akun mempunyai teman atau sahabat baru lagi yaitu dwik, Shinta dan Mira. Kami selalu mendapatkan kelas yang sama kecuali Shinta, tetapi akmi masih sering berkomunikasi dan ngumpiul bersama . Setelah menjalani UAS dan UAN yang cukup melelahkan aku harus dihadapkan lagi dengan dengan pendaftaran kuliah, waktu itu kau mendaftar kuliah di Universitas Lancang Kuning, saat itu aku mengambil fakultas keguruan dan  ilmu pendidikan atau yang dikenal dengan FKIP. Alhamdulillah aku diterima di Universitas Lancang Kuning Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Saat itu aku mengambil prodi bahasa inggris. Tetapi  aku hanya mengikuti kuliah samapi semester 2 saja, aku putuskan untuk berhenti karena kendala biaya.

CAHPTER 2

               When I quit college after I tried to find a job to save enough money to return to college. It took a long time to be looking for a job with a high school graduate to be patient receives repulsion and others. Until the neighbor who advocate for marriage only. I refused to follow the advice of neighbors mindless and I also future goals I should achieve. At that time a lot of support from parents or family and friends.                After a long time finally resume my work accepted in the Riau provincial transportation bureau. I felt happy to get this job because intentions who want to save for college next year. Not long I worked in offices, its exact year I worked in offices. Then I worked at Caffe 838 Kopitiam as a cashier and ADM. I began little by little to save enough money to college next year, because my Desire to pursue higher education sngat great. I worked in caafe kopitian only 6 months.                After quitting his job and felt saved enough to enroll in college and its fittings. I re-enroll the same college at the University of padatun 2015. I take any faculty that remains the same, namely FKIP. Sign the second class that I found many friends and they really appreciate me because of my age older dri my classmates. but there was also a classmate who was older than me, he was a miss Dewi we used to call, he became my inspiration and role model classmates. He was married and still wants to continue his education that I think is very unusual because they by that, he became a role model classmates.                College was very memorable because I have friends who are very compact and have a high sense of kinship. Due to persistent class system did not like at school that makes us feel like a family up to date. 

PROSE

Prose is a free essay that is not bound by a number of stanzas, lines, syllables, and not bound by the rhythm and rhyme as in poetry. Kara prose comes from the latin "prose," which means "frankly".

Different prose with poetry because of variations in the rhythm (rhythm) which has a larger and more bahsanya accordance with the lexical meaning

Write it is a skill. So, exercise is the key. The more often we practice writing, then our writing is not only interesting, but also life and can enlighten readers. There are some practical tips for beginners that our writing interesting:

1.    Master the letters so that we can write the word.

2.    Master said that we could write a sentence. Many words in the dictionary. Do not use words to show the same meaning as the one word of it. Exploration many words that writing was more intelligent.

3.    Practice continues to make a sentence in order to create a paragraph. And, make it a habit to write many paragraphs in order to become a complete article can be read. Our ability to master letters, words, sentences and paragraphs will be better when we exercise continues. Believe and be assured that the practice of writing is the easiest way to be adept at writing or being a writer. Try.

 

4.   The theme is taken that was so the talk of many people. Is becoming a trend for a certain period of time.

5.    After taking the theme, then prepare his material. Usually the supporting data. Could be from other sources: newspapers,

television, radio, the internet, tabloids, magazines and the like. It could also be of direct observations that can be seen and felt. Or even that we are involved in it. It will be necessary to polish our writing becomes more powerful and alive because there is supporting data.

 

 

6.   In addition to describing the facts, do not forget solution. Therefore, good writing presented facts but the solution fetched or almost impossible to digest reader, also so unappealing