SOCIOLINGUISTICS (
INTRODUCTION)
Any discussion of the
relationship between language and society,
or of the various function of language in society, should begin with
some attempt to define each of these terms. By such of definition society
becomes a very comprehensive concept, but we will soon see how useful such a
comprehensive view is because of the very different kinds of society we must
consider in the course of the discussion that follow.
We may attempt an equally comprehensive definition of
language. A language is what the members of a particular society speak. However
as we shall see, speech in almost any society can take many very different
forms, and just what forms we should choose to discuss when we attempt to
describe the language of a society may prove to be a contentious matter.
Sometimes a society may be plurilingual, that is many speakers may use more
than one language. However we define a language. We should also note that our
definition of language and society are not independent. And the definition of
language includes in it a reference to
society.
The question
1. What the relationship
between Data and Theory in methodological concern?
(The question from
Shelvira Elsa Dwita)
Answer : The relationship is towards because any
conclusion must be solidly based on evidence. And researc2. What the meaning of
Code in knowledge of language?
(The question from
Indri Christina)
Answer : Code is the
way of communication . Code theory has roots in a particular model of literacy
.code is the best understood as a variant of the more traditional ethno and
socio.
3. How do you use
language as well?
(The questions from
Linda Wait)
Answer : The people can understand about the someone
or speaker means and the grammar to use well is something that each speaker
knows.
Type of language :
1. Argot
An argot is a language
primarily developed to disguise conversation, originally because of a criminal
enterprise, though the term is also used loosely to refer to informal jargon.
2. Cant
Cant is somewhat
synonymous with argot and jargonand refers to the vocabulary of an in-group
that uses it to deceive or exclude nonusers.
3. Colloquial Language
Anything not employed
in formal writing or conversation, including terms that might fall under one or
more of most of the other categories in this list, is a colloquialism.
Colloquial and colloquialismmay be perceived to be pejorative terms, but they
merely refer to informal terminology.
Colloquial language —
whether words, idiomatic phrases, or aphorisms — is often regionally specific;
for example, variations on the term “carbonated beverage” — including soda,
pop, and coke —
4. Creole
A creole is a more
sophisticated development of a pidgin, derived from two or more parent
languages and used by people all ages as a native language.
5. Dialect
A dialect is a way of
speaking based on geographical or social factors.
6. Jargon
Jargon is a body of
words and phrases that apply to a specific activity or profession, such as a
particular art form or athletic or recreational endeavor, or a medical or
scientific subject. Jargon is often necessary for precision when referring to
procedures and materials integral to a certain pursuit.
However, in some
fields, jargon is employed to an excessive and gratuitous degree, often to
conceal the truth or deceive or exclude outsiders. Various types of jargon
notorious for obstructing rather than facilitating communication are given
names often appended with -ese or -speak, such as bureaucrateseor
corporate-speak.
7. Lingo
This term vaguely
refers to the speech of a particular community or group and is therefore
loosely synonymous with many of the other words in this list.
8. Lingua Franca
A lingua franca is a
language often adopted as a common tongue to enable communication between
speakers of separate languages, though pidgins and creoles, both admixtures of
two or more languages, are also considered lingua francas.
9. Patois
Patois refers loosely
to a nonstandard language such as a creole, a dialect, or a pidgin, with a
connotation of the speakers’ social inferiority to those who speak the standard
language.
10. Pidgin
A simplified language
arising from the efforts of people speaking different languages to communicate
is a pidgin. These languages generally develop to facilitate trade between
people without a common language. In time, pidgins often evolve into creoles.
11. Slang
A vocabulary of terms
(at least initially) employed in a specific subculture is slang. Slang terms,
either invented words or those whose meanings are adapted to new senses,
develop out of a subculture’s desire to disguise — or exclude others from —
their conversations. As US society becomes more youth oriented and more
homogenous, slang becomes more widespread in usage, and subcultures continually
invent new slang as older terms are appropriated by the mainstream population.
12. Vernacular
A vernacular is a
native language or dialect, as opposed to another tongue also in use, such as
Spanish, French, or Italian and their dialects as compared to their mother
language, Latin. Alternatively, a vernacular is a dialect itself as compared to
a standard language (though it should be remembered that a standard language is
simply a dialect or combination of dialects that has come to predominate).h
must be motivated by questions that can be answered in an approved scientific
way.
by. salawatul rahma diah
