PSIKOLINGUISTICS 

sebelum membahas tentang psikolinguistics, perhatikan berikut ini :

1. Mengapa memilih Psikolinguistics ?

Karena, Psikolinguistics merupakan satu teori pembelajaran (menurut teori behaviorisme) berdasarkan bahasa yang dianggap sebagai satu system tabiat dan kemampuan kemampuan yang menghubungkan isyarat dengan perilaku.

2. Apa Psikolinguistics ?

 Von Humboldt (1767-1835), pakar linguistik berkebangsaan Jerman, telah mencoba mengkaji hubungan antara bahasa dengan pemikiran manusia. Caranya dengan membandingkan tata bahasa dari bahasa-bahasa yang berlainan dengan tabiat-tabiat bangsa-bangsa penutur bahasa itu.  Ferdinand de Saussure (1858-1913), pakar linguistik berkebangsaan Swiss, Beliau memperkenalkan tiga istilah tentang bahasa yaitu langage (bahasa umumnya bersifat abstrak), Langue (bahasa tertentu yang bersifat abstrak), parole (bahasa sebagai tuturan konkret).

                        Dari berbagai sumber mengenai keterkaitan Psikologi dalam linguistik dapat di simpulkan bahwa dalam pembelajaran bahasa atau linguistik ini pasti membutuhkan psikologi atau kejiwaan dan bakat yang dimiliki masing-masing Individu yang saling berkaitan. Dalam bahasa manusia memiliki Language Acquisition Device (LAD) untuk melakukan kegiatan berbahasa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

 

3. Apa yang dipilih dari Linguistics Murni ?

In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols used in the institution or the community in specific circumstances and context. In this view, voice, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics have content semantics (meaning), and each of which consists of several branches of study. In written language, things like the structure of paragraphs and punctuation bear semantic content, other forms of language bore other semantic content.

  A.   HISTORY OF BIRTH Psycholinguistics

1.     In Linguistics Psychology

               Von Humboldt (1767-1835), German linguist, has tried to examine the relationship between languages ​​with human thinking. You do this by comparing the grammar of different languages ​​with the traits of nations speaking it. Ferdinand de Saussure (1858-1913), linguist Swiss nationality, he introduced the three terms of the language that is langage (language usually abstract), Langue (specific language that is abstract), parole (language as a concrete utterance).

  From various sources on the association of Psychology in linguistics can be concluded that in learning languages ​​or linguistics is definitely in need of psychological or psychiatric and talents of each individual interrelated. In human language has a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) to conduct a language in everyday life.

2. Linguistics in Psychology

John Dewey (1859-1952), an American psychologist, a pure empiricism. He said grade assessment based on understanding childhood we can determine the tendency of mind (mental) childhood is associated with linguistic differences. Such assessment is, according to Dewey will provide great assistance to the language of psychology in general. Karl Buchler, berkebanngsaan German linguist, in his book Theorie Sprach (1934), he stated that the language of human being has three function called Kungabe (then called Ausdruck) Appell (previously called Auslosung), and Darstellung. What is meant by Kungabe adalh communicative action that is realized in verbal form. Appell is a request addressed to someone else. While darstellung is a depiction of subject matter that is communicated.

Weiss one prominent a figure psikolingustik behaviorism which has paved the way towards the birth of the discipline psikolinggustik. Weiss also been pulled, ukakan a number of problems to be solved by linggustik and psychology from the point of behaviorism. Among those problems are as follows:

1) Language is a set of responses that amount is not limited to a stimulus.
2) Basically the behavior of language unites members of a community into the organization of the nervous motion.

3) Conduct a language is a tool to transform and diversify tingle one's activities as a result of inheritance and acquisition results.

4) The language can be a stimulus to a response, or is one responsterhadap a stimulus.

5) language as a stimulus response substitute for objects and circumstances that actually allows us to bring back something that breathing occurs, and analyze this event in its parts.

           

3. Cooperation Psychology and Linguistics

Chaer (in Rose, 2012) says that the direct cooperation between the disciplines of psychology and linguistics started since 1860. That is by Heyman Steinthal, a psychologist who turned linguist, and Moria Lazarus a linguist-turned psychologists to publish a journal devoted specifically to talk about the psychology of language from the point
linguistics and psychology.

According to Steinthal, a psychological science may not be able to live without a knowledge of languages. He also said that the only way to get into the mind of man is through the laws of the origin of language and not through human senses. This cooperation is more closely conducted in 1901 in Germany by Albert Thumb a linguist with Karl Marbe a psychologist as a result of his cooperation. Specifically Thumb and Marbe has conducted in-depth study of the language by means of cooperation between the linguistic analysis of the analogy with a psychological analysis of the relationship of substitutions language.
               Fundamentals of psycholinguistics, according to some experts, in a book edited by Osgood and Sebeok above are as follows:

1) Psycholinguistics is a linguistic theory based on the language considered as a system of interconnected elements.

2) Psycholinguistics is a learning theory (the theory of behaviorism) based on the language are regarded as one system character and the capability of connecting with behavioral cues.

3) Psycholinguistics is an information theory that considers language as a tool to convey an object.

4. Psikolingustik As Self Discipline

Formally psikolingustik birth marked by the opening of the special program psikolingustik in 1953 by R. Brown. Sarjanah first (Ph.D.) generated by this program is Eric Lenneberg, which is very much its role in the field of psikolingustik.

Prior to the publication of two books were very important in the development psikilingustik, namely Verbal Behavior (1957) by Skinner and book Syantactic Structures (1957) by Noam Chomsky, Leshley has suggested the existence of several problems that can be solved together by experts psikoligi and linguistic experts. In Leshley theory states that the birth of an utterance is not a response to a spate ties that come from outside, but is a reasonable simultaneous events, and the speech was merely syntactic structures is not directly linked to the order form.

In that case Lenneberg states that humans possessed biological kecebderungan specifically to acquire a language that is not owned animals, the reason is sebahai follows:

1) The presence of typical centers in the brain for language.

2) Method of language development in all infants are the same.
3) The difficulty is experienced to inhibit the growth of human language
4) All the languages ​​in the world have the same parts that are universal

5. Three Generations In Psikolingustik

a. Psikolingustik First Generation

 Psikolingustik first generation is psikolingustik with pera experts who wrote the article in a collection of essays entitled Psycholingustics. Theories of behaviorism's behavior or language identified as a response system that directly and indirectly to the stimulus erbal and nonverbal. Orientation is the stimulus-response psychology orientation.

Regarding this first generation psikolingustik theory, Perera (1996) noted that there are three weaknesses, as follows:

1) The reactive nature of psikolingustik about language.

2) The first Psikolingustik is otomistik.

3) Psikolingustik This first generation is indiidualis.

Their three inimemang weaknesses can not be denied. However, these theories can psikolingustik Oggood and Sebeok are acceptable as a mediator between the theory of behavioral theories (behaviorism) and cognitive theory.

b. Psikolingustik Second Generation

According to Mahler and Noizet, psikilingustik second generation has been able to overcome the atomistic characteristics of psikolingustik Osgood-Sobeok. Psikolingustik second generation found in the process of language is not the language grains obtained, but Kaida and systems kaidalah obtained.

 Leontive a psycholinguists Russia believes there are several characteristics psikolingustik first generation, which should be avoided even still looked and continue. According to the second generation reaction Leontive attitude not seen in Chomky and Miller although their interpretations of the verbal structure is more complex. In addition, the characteristics of individualism is still visible without criticism. In fact, this individualism characteristic seems to be protected because of social roles and social environment increases to actualize rules inherited universal language.

c. Psikolingustik Third Generation

 Psikolingustik second generation stated that their analysis of language has exceeded the limit of the sentence. However, the reality of their analysis is limited to the analysis of the relationship between the sentence and the sentence, has not reached the discourse.
          Some of the concepts related to the analysis of the topics have been introduced, but still no sequel. Psycholinguists second generation also drew a parallel between the linguistic and mental processes of cognitive psychology. The level of linguistic and cognitive psychology level design processes that parallel can be seen in the following chart.
linguistic subsystems

Level design Psikolingustik

a)      Analysis of discourse

b)     Draft discourse

c)      Draft intonation

d)     Syntax sentence

e)      Draft syntax

f)       lexical rules

g)      The draft election lexical

h)     Rule Morphophonemic

i)        Draft Morphophonemic

j)        Rule phonology

k)     The design of phonemic and motor.

          This necessity gave birth psikolingustik by G. Werstch the third generation in his book Two Problems for the New Psycholinguistics named New Psycholinguistics or new psikolingustik. The characteristics of third generation psikolingustik are as follows:

1) First, their orientation to psychology, behavioral psychology tetepi not

2) Second, their disengagement from karangka "psikolingustik phrase" and involvement in psikolingustik that based on the situation and context

3) Third, there is a shift from the analysis of the speech that abstract unity psychological analysis of the communications and conjecture.

B. RELATIONSHIP LANGUAGE THINK and cultured

1. Theory wilhelm Von Humbolot

wilhelm Von Humbolot, scholars Jerma abab 19th emphasize their dependence on the language of human thought, maksutnya worldview of a culture, a society is determined by the language of the community itself.
               Von Humbolot found the substance of the language itself consists of two parts, the first part of the sounds and the second part is the thoughts that have not yet formed.

From the description above that language is the outward form, while the mind is in the form, the outward form language that we hear, whereas in the form resides in the brain.

2. The theory of Sapir-Whorf

Edward (1884-1938) American linguist says that human beings live in this world under the "twelve cation" language that has become a tool of instruction in public life, according to Sapir, has been the fact that the life of a community most "established" beyond tabiat- character and plumb-plumb the language, that's why no two the same language so that it can be considered have a same society.

Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) rejected the classical view of the relationship of language and thought which says that language and thought are two things that stand-alone sediri, the classical view that says even though every language has sounds different, but all of them said rumusa same-formulation is based on the same thinking and observation.
               According to Whorf, grammatical system of a language even just a tool to express ideas, but also the formation of ideas, it is a person's mental activity program, deciding a person's mental structure. In other words, the word language that shape the way a person's mind (Simanjuntak, 1987).

3. Theory of Jean Piaget

Piaget French scholars argue it is the mind that form the language, without thought language would not exist, pemikiranlah decisive aspects of syntactic and lexical language, even the opposite.

Regarding the relationship with the activities of the intellect (mind) Piaget suggests two important things, namely:

1) Source of intellectual activity there is in language, developed sensomotorik, namely a scheme, the descriptions of the aspects sruktur factions, and relationships, objects, and forms the basis of irregularities and operation pemakayan back.

2) Establishment of the ideas put forward and shaped at the same time with language acquisition. Both mamiliki more general processes, namely the constitution fingsi emblem in general, funhsi emblem is characterized by a wide range of behaviors that occur simultaneously in its development.

4. Theory Vygotsky L.S

Vygotsky scholar Russian nation, believes there is one stage of language development before their minds, and their minds a stage prior to their language

In studying the movement of the mind is emotion investigate the two parts of speech, the speech in which menpunyai sense, which is the phonetic or aspect sapek-speech sounds.

5. The theory of Noam Chomsky

Relations of language and thought Chomsky resubmit the classical theory called conscience Chomsky hypothesis asserts that the study of language opens good perspectives in penkajian mental processes (thinking) man.

Hypothesis conscience say that the structure of the language is the conscience, which means that under the formula from birth. Hypothesis conscience found structures in the language is the same.

6. Theory Eric Lenneberg

The relationship of language and thought, Eric proposed a theory called the theory of a special language skills. Menuru Eric ample evidence to show that people receive the original biological heritage of the ability to communicate in a language that is specific to human and has nothing to do with intelligence and reasoning

7. Theory of Bruner

Relationships language and thought Bruner introduced a theory called the theory intrumentalisme, according to this theory of human language is a tool for developing and refining the idea.

Bruner argues that language and thought develops from the same source, further language and thought appliance into force of the action, besides that there are two skills that involve language, namely skills linggustik and communications skills, da Bruner also introduce their skills analysis possessed by every human being who speak ,

8. Kekontroversian Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

a. theory Hypotheses

1) Von Humboldt said that their view of life are manifold because of the diversity of language systems and their universal systems owned by the languages ​​in the world.

2) Sapir-Whorf says that the structure of language determines the structure of the mind.

3) Piaget said that the structure of thought formed by behavior, not by the structure of the language.

4) Vygotsky said that in the beginning of language and mind developed sendiru-alone and do not affect each other.

5) Chomsky mengataka that language and thought are two systems apart has keotomiannya respectively

6) Lenneberg say that humans have already received an inheritance of biology at birth

7) Bruner said that language is a tool for people to think, to enhance and develop pemikirab it.

Among the theories or hypothesis, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the most controversial, this hypothesis says that the way the mind and one's culture or society is determined or influenced by the structure of the language. Raises many criticisms and reactions of the philosophers, linggistik, psychology, psikolinggustik, anthropology and etc.

 LEXICOLOGY 

Understanding Lexicology - Lexicology in English is called lexicology, the science / studies on the shape, the history and the meaning of words. Meanwhile, in Arabic, lexicology called the Um Al-Ma'ajim, namely the study of the ins and outs of the dictionary. According iltilah, lexicology is the science that studies the ins and outs of the meaning / significance vocabulary contained or to be contained in the dictionary. In addition to the term lexicology and ilm al-Ma'ajim, there are also some other terms used to describe the science of dictionaries. For example, Ilm Al-alfadz, Al-Laffadzah, Ilm dalalah Mu'jamiyah and so on.

While lexicography (Dirasah Mu'jamiyah) is a science and art of crafting dictionaries by using systematics certain to produce a quality product dictionary, easy and complete.

Between lexicology and lexicography are inseparable. Lexicology without lexicography, will not produce a good product dictionary, correct and easily utilized by users of the language. Instead, lexicography without leksikologim also can only give birth dictionaries imperfect in expressing the meaning of the vocabulary. However, the science of lexicography as part of applied linguistics, more require the results of the study or the study of science lexicology in efforts to achieve a good dictionary, correct, complete and allows the reader. Therefore, the term 'science lexicology' more common than 'science of lexicography'. Mentioned 'lexicology' means relating and includes 'lexicography'.

Technically, Ali Al-Qasimy explained that lexicography is the science which deals with five main steps in preparing a dictionary, namely:

1. Collecting data (vocabulary)

2. Selecting the approach and method of preparation of the dictionary will be pursued

3. Compile a word in accordance with certain systematics

4. Writing materials, and

5. Publicize the codification of the language or the dictionary

Thus, both the science and the science of lexicography lexicology, both part dariilmu linguistics. lexicology, as the study of the development of semantics, become part of the science of theoretical linguistics (Ilm Al-lughah Al-Nadzary). While lexicography, as the study of the development of lexicology, being part of applied linguistics (Ilm Al-lughah Al-Tathbiqy).

SEMANTICS

Hallo guys how are you,,?

Okk guys,,,Hari ini saya akan membahas materi semantics

1.   Apakah Semantik Itu?

Ada dua cabang utama linguistik yang khusus menyangkut kata yaitu etimologi, studi tentang asal usul kata, dan semantik atau ilmu makna, studi tentang makna kata. Di antara kedua ilmu itu, etimologi sudah merupakan disiplin ilmu yang lama mapan (established), sedangkan semantik relatif merupakan hal yang baru.

Kata semantik berasal dari bahasa Yunani sema yang artinya tanda atau lambang (sign). “Semantik” pertama kali digunakan oleh seorang filolog Perancis bernama Michel Breal pada tahun 1883. Kata semantik kemudian disepakati sebagai istilah yang digunakan untuk bidang linguistik yang mempelajari tentang tanda-tanda linguistik dengan hal-hal yang ditandainya. Oleh karena itu, kata semantik dapat diartikan sebagai ilmu tentang makna atau tentang arti, yaitu salah satu dari tiga tataran analisis bahasa: fonologi, gramatika, dan semantik.

Dari defenisi-defenisi di atas dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan semantik adalah salah satu cabang studi linguistik yang membahas tentang makna.

JENIS- JENIS MAKNA

Karena bahasa itu digunakan untuk berbagai kegiatan dan keperluan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, maka makna bahasa itu pun menjadi bermacam-macam dilihat dari segi atau pandangan yang berbeda. Berbagai nama jenis makna telah dikemukakan oleh orang dalam berbagai buku linguistik atau semantik. Abdul Chaer (1994 : 289 – 296) membagi jenis-jenis makna sebagai berikut:

1.     Makna Leksikal dan Makna Gramatikal

2.    Makna Referensial dan Nonreferensial

3.    Makna Denotatif dan Konotatif

4.    Makna Kata dan Makna Istilah

5.    Makna Konseptual dan Makna Asosiatif

6.    Makna Idiomatikal dan Peribahasa

7.    Makna Kias

1.   Makna Leksikal dan Makna Gramatikal

Leksikal adalah bentuk adjektif yang diturunkan dari bentuk nomina leksikon. Satuan dari leksikon adalah leksem, yaitu satuan bentuk bahasa yang bermakna. Kalau leksikon kita samakan dengan kosakata atau perbendaharaan kata, maka leksem dapat kita persamakan dengan kata. Dengan demikian, makna leksikal dapat diartikan sebagai makna yang bersifat leksikon, bersifat leksem, atau bersifat kata.

Makna leksikal biasanya dipertentangkan dengan makna gramatikal. Kalau makna leksikal berkenaan dengan makna leksem atau kata yang sesuai dengan referennya, maka makna gramatikal ini adalah makna yang hadir sebagai akibat adanya proses gramatika seperti proses afiksasi, proses reduplikasi, dan proses komposisi

2.   MAKNA REFERENSIAL DAN NONREFERENSIAL

Perbedaan makna referensial dan makna nonreferensial berdasarkan ada tidak adanya referen dari kata-kata itu. Bila kata-kata itu mempunyai referen, yaitu sesuatu di luar bahasa yang diacu oleh kata itu, maka kata tersebut disebut kata bermakna referensial. Kalau kata-kata itu tidak mempunyai referen, maka kata itu disebut kata bermakna nonreferensial. Kata meja termasuk kata yang bermakna referensial karena mempunyai referen, yaitu sejenis perabot rumah tangga yang disebut ’meja’. Sebaliknya kata karena tidak mempunyai referen, jadi kata karena termasuk kata yang bermakna nonreferensial.

3.   MAKNA DENOTATIF DAN KONOTATIF

Makna denotatif pada dasarnya sama dengan makna referensial sebab makna denotatif lazim diberi penjelasan sebagai makna yang sesuai dengan hasil observasi menurut penglihatan, penciuman, pendengaran, perasaan, atau pengalaman lainnya. Jadi, makna denotatif ini menyangkut informasi-informasi faktual objektif. Oleh karena itu, makna denotasi sering disebut sebagai ’makna sebenarnya’(Chaer, 1994). Umpama kata perempuan dan wanita kedua kata itu mempunyai dua makna yang sama, yaitu ’manusia dewasa bukan laki-laki’.Sebuah kata disebut mempunyai makna konotatif apabila kata itu mempunyai ”nilai rasa”, baik positif maupun negatif. Jika tidak memiliki nilai rasa maka dikatakan tidak memiliki konotasi. Tetapi dapat juga disebut berkonotasi netral. Makna konotatif dapat juga berubah dari waktu ke waktu. Misalnya kata ceramah dulu kata ini berkonotasi negatif karena berarti ’cerewet’, tetapi sekarang konotasinya positif.

4.   MAKNA KATA DAN MAKNA ISTILAH

Setiap kata atau leksem memiliki makna, namun dalam penggunaannya makna kata itu baru menjadi jelas kalau kata itu sudah berada di dalam konteks kalimatnya atau konteks situasinya. Berbeda dengan kata, istilah mempunyai makna yang jelas, yang pasti, yang tidak meragukan, meskipun tanpa konteks kalimat. Oleh karena itu sering dikatakan bahwa istilah itu bebas konteks. Hanya perlu diingat bahwa sebuah istilah hanya digunakan pada bidang keilmuan atau kegiatan tertentu. Perbedaan antara makna kata dan istilah dapat dilihat dari contoh berikut

(1) Tangannya luka kena pecahan kaca.

(2) Lengannya luka kena pecahan kaca.

Kata tangan dan lengan pada kedua kalimat di atas adalah bersinonim atau bermakna sama. Namun dalam bidang kedokteran kedua kata itu memiliki makna yang berbeda. Tangan bermakna bagian dari pergelangan sampai ke jari tangan; sedangkan lengan adalah bagian dari pergelangan sampai ke pangkal bahu

5 MAKNA KONSEPTUAL DAN MAKNA ASOSIATIF

Leech (1976) membagi makna menjadi makna konseptual dan makna asosiatif. Yang dimaksud dengan makna konseptual adalah makna yang dimiliki oleh sebuah leksem terlepas dari konteks atau asosiasi apa pun. Kata kuda memiliki makna konseptual ’sejenis binatang berkaki empat yang biasa dikendarai’. Jadi makna konseptual sesungguhnya sama saja dengan makna leksikal, makna denotatif, dan makna referensial.

Makna asosiatif adalah makna yang dimiliki sebuah leksem atau kata berkenaan dengan adanya hubungan kata itu dengan sesuatu yang berada di luar bahasa. Misalnya, kata melati berasosiasi dengan sesuatu yang suci atau kesucian.

6 MAKNA IDIOMATIKAL DAN PERIBAHASA

Idiom adalah satuan ujaran yang maknanya tidak dapat ”diramalkan” dari makna unsur-unsurnya, baik secara leksikal maupun secara gramatikal. Contoh dari idiom adalah bentuk membanting tulang dengan makna ’bekerja keras’, meja hijau dengan makna ’pengadilan’.

Berbeda dengan idiom, peribahasa memiliki makna yang masih dapat ditelusuri atau dilacak dari makna unsur-unsurnya karena adanya ”asosiasi” antara makna asli dengan maknanya sebagai peribahasa. Umpamanya peribahasa Seperti anjing dengan kucing yang bermakna ’dikatakan ihwal dua orang yang tidak pernah akur’. Makna ini memiliki asosiasi, bahwa binatang yang namanya anjing dan kucing jika bersua memang selalu berkelahi, tidak pernah damai.

7 MAKNA KIAS

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, penggunaan istilah arti kiasan digunakan sebagai oposisi dari arti sebenarnya. Oleh karena itu, semua bentuk bahasa (baik kata, frase, atau kalimat) yang tidak merujuk pada arti sebenarnya (arti leksikal, arti konseptual, atau arti denotatif) disebut mempunyai arti kiasan. Jadi, bentuk-bentuk seperti puteri malam dalam arti ’bulan’, raja siang dalam arti ’matahari’.

Thank you